Cell Phones

Are cell phones dangerous? Cell phones are a wonderful thing. You can talk. Take pictures. Listen to music. Converse over email or text messaging, and browse the Internet among a handful of other things. I love to use my cell phone and actually use it more then any other phone at the office or at home. However, I use it with immense concern. I have concern about the use of the phone causing health issues, like cancer and brain tumors over time. Are these concerns warranted? I have studied technology and specifically wireless communications as a graduate student at Northwestern University. My professor had advanced scientific wireless knowledge and advised us all to get headsets for our cell phones. So why would someone who works in the field be this concerned to offer this advice? Given that cell phones operate with Radio Frequencies (RF) and thus use a form of electromagnetic energy located on the electromagnetic spectrum between FM radio waves and the waves used in microwave ovens, radars and satellites. How many times have you heard not to stand in front of the microwave since it could cause health issues? The FCC offers recommendations for the appropriate and safe amount of exposure to RF energy. I found these RF Safety FAQ’s to be somewhat helpful in identifying and answering some my exposure questions. According to the FCC, â€Å"the threshold level is a Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) value for the whole body of 4 watts per kilogram (4 W/kg)†. So what does that mean to a normal human being? I will use myself as an example; I weigh 171 pounds which converts to approximately 78 kg. So that means I can absorb 312 watts in my whole body. Still what does that mean in the case of a cell phone? The FCC has also required all wireless phones in the U. S. eet a conservative radiation safety standard of 1. 6 SAR and most do with much to spare. When translated into wattage, wireless phones maximally emit power in the range of 0. 2 to 0. 6 watts. When you compare this to what a walkie-talkies which emit radiation in excess of 10 watts or an AM radio stations, which emit radiation at levels of 50,000 watts or more! However these numbers do not take into account outside factors that come into play when using a cell phone. The amount of RF you are exposed to with the use of a cell phone depends on a number of factors which include: 1. The age of your cell phone (an older analog model would create higher exposure levels than a newer phone). 2. ) The duration and frequency of using your cell phone (this one is scary! ) 3. ) The distance from the base station pushing out the signals. So let’s take a closer look at the three points above. Age of the cell phone is pretty self-explanatory; most people have upgraded from their â€Å"Saved by the Bell† Zach Morris phone to the newer digital style phones with all the bells and whistles so I would not be too concerned. However, if you have not, I would advise you to upgrade as soon as possible. There are a number of deals available that make new phones cost next to nothing. Secondly, the duration and frequency of using your cell phone scares me a little bit. So if my phone emits 0. 2 t0 0. 6 watts of energy, how much is that same amount amplified by placing it directly next to the soft tissue of the brain? Currently, I subscribe to a cellular service package with unlimited night and weekend minutes. I did some checking and I usually use around 900 minutes a month. So this means that my brain is getting zapped with 0. 2 to 0. 6 watts of RF energy on an average of 900 minutes a month. I do not imagine this can be good for the soft tissue of my brain, especially since the FCC does not examine the affects of RF produced by cell phones on the soft tissue of the brain. Third and finally, the distance from the base station you are connected to should be taken into account. This one may be very difficult to measure and quantify. In my specific network with SprintPCS, I rarely go with lack of service, which I assume means I am always fairly close to the next station to make up the web of cell pods that push out the signals. The cellular network is set up in a hexagonal pattern which maps over the entire area you live. As you move from one hexagonal cell to the next you are fairly close to the center of the cell at all times. Though I do not know what scientific evidence I can draw and quantify from this information in relation to health issues. So after examining those three factors, it seems that much like cigarette smoking was accepted and not linked to illness until the appropriate medical and scientific knowledge was gathered to prove otherwise, it is possible that cell phone usage and exposure to RF energy on soft tissue could cause serious health issues (i. . tumors). So in the meantime there are a few options: 1. ) Keep using my phone next to ear in hopes that this is just a scare. 2. ) Take action! Use a headset connected to the headset jack (not a Bluetooth device) to get the handset away from the soft tissue of the brain. Or get a cellphone with a speaker phone to get the handset further way from your skull. Since an inadequate length of time has passed to show evidence that there is no link between tumors and cell phones because right now the studies conducted on cell phones and health concerns have been performed with adequate duration to do otherwise. I am going to have to go with option number two and use a headset for as many of the 900 minutes a month that I currently spend with the handset pressed firmly to my skull while is send waves electromagnetic radiation through the soft tissue of my brain and I would advise you to do the same until more solid research has been concluded. Chatting away on your cell phone because you have great cell phone package with free nights and weekends and loads of minutes may just have gone out of style with the latest study in which links extended cell phone usage to brain tumors. Prior studies just last year found showed no evidence radiation from mobile phones were harmful. I was admittedly skeptical when I read them. The most recent study conducted by the Swedish National Institute for Working Life looked at the mobile phone use of 905 people between the age of 20 and 80 who had been diagnosed with a malignant brain tumor and found a link. The study also shows that the rise in risk is noticeable for tumors on the side of the head where the phone was said to be used After reading the latest findings, I would recommend using a mobile hands free headset if you can. For related reading you might also want to check out a post I made in June 2005 titled, Are cell phones dangerous?

Interaction between Police, Prosecutors, and the Courts Research Paper

Interaction between Police, Prosecutors, and the Courts - Research Paper Example The smooth and well orchestrated interaction between police, prosecutors, and the courts is necessary to keep the peace and economic viability of the community. The police officers keep the criminals and persons under trial in jail while they are processed for trial. When convicted by the courts of law, the police officers will jail the convicted person in jail the serve the jail sentence handed down by the courts of law. The prosecutors present evidences to the courts to prove the guilt of the persons charged. The courts determine whether the person charged is guilty or innocent of the crime charged. The police officers must ensure that they will implement a high quality investigation to feret out the criminals from the innocent persons as the officers roam the streets of the United States community. The police officers should take extra care of the evidences gathered in order to ensure that the court’s verdict will be correct. The police officers’ presentation of fals ified evidences may result to the court’s erroneous verdict. The erroneous verdict may be to convict an innocent person because of circumstantial evidence. Another erroneous verdict is to declare innocence a person of a crime due to some legal technicalities. One such legal technically is the police officer’s gathering of evidences by using force on a person, against the person’s will. ... The prosecutor must ensure that the court will receive case evidences as a basis for issuing a guilty verdict as well as issue court ruling using legal doctrines. For example, the prosecutor must use the proper section or law references to back up one’s thesis. The court is challenged to prioritize cases. For example, the court must prioritize cases where the person accused is being held under lock and key by the police officers. The court must ensure that the police officers and the prosecutors do not violate the basic rights of the accused persons during their incarceration. For example, Samuel Walker (1993) emphasized â€Å"The videotaped beating of Rodney King by Los Angeles police officers on March 3, 1991--an event that electrified the country—dramatized the problem of police discretion. The officers involved acted out their worst impulses, obviously believing they would never be caught or punished. The fact that a sergeant was present and that the officers later discussed the incident over the police radio is the most damning evidence of their sense of immunity†. The above Rodney King case shows an extreme of the American justice system. The police officers took the law into their own hands. They manhandled the victim, Rodney King of Los Angeles, California. Consequently, the prosecutors must put into motion its duty to gather enough evidences to prosecute the abusive Los Angeles police officers. The police officers must do their best to reduce the crime rate in the community. In their frustration over the unabated crime incidents, some police officers may be triggered to act irrationally. The police officers must uphold the rights of the accused. One of the

To what extent is US policy in the Gulf region driven primarily by Dissertation

To what extent is US policy in the Gulf region driven primarily by energy needs - Dissertation Example Retrieved from, http://schirachreport.com/index.php/2011/01/21/old-lobbies-prevent-new-energy-policies/ Teixeira, R, 2010. Public Opinion Snapshot: Public turns against offshore drilling. Centre for American progress, retrieved from, http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/2010/06/snapshot062810.html The Progress Report, 2010. Big giveaways to big Oil. Retrieved from, http://www.barbrastreisand.com/us/article/big-giveaways-big-oil Weiss, D. September 2010. GOP â€Å"Pledge to America† is an oath to Big Oil- written by a former EXXon lobbysist. ClimateProgress. Retrieved from, http://climateprogress.org/2010/09/23/gop-pledge-to-america-big-oil-exxon-lobbyist-brian-wild/ Literature review summary: With approximately 70 % of the global oil reserves located in the Middle Eastern regions, which includes Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Iran, the United Arab Emirates, and Iraq, these group of countries have formed the group of leading exporters of oil, especially in the post WWII era. Sampson, (1975) and Tanzer (1974), into their books gives us detailed insight into the pre WWII era when the oilfields were in the hands of the colonels British empire, and how slowly US took over after emerging as the chief power during the WWII. Tanzer in his book especially traces the rise of US as the main global power, the rise of strong oil companies and the formation of the famous US oil lobby, and it’s taking control over the European oil trade market. Kinzer, (2008) in his book traces the interference of US oil lobby in Iran internal politics during the 1950s to bring in the Shah of Iran (pro-US) as the head of the country, so that the oil fields would be effectively under the control of the US oil firms. Klare 2001, in his book traces the rise in strength of the US oil firms and the beginning of USA’s relentless drive to gain global energy supremacy. Cordesman (1999) gives us detailed insight into US’s ever-increasing oil consumption rate, and the governmentâ⠂¬â„¢s unceasing drive to gain energy security, which drove the US oil companies and the government to attempt to bring all the oil rich countries under their control. These books show us how US created Saudi Arabia and established its control over the oilfields, while Iraq managed to give the western countries the slip by nationalising their oil fields, which finally led to the 2003 war with Iraq. Bennett, et al. (2007), Sepehri (2002), Kay (2001) in their articles give us an insight into the true nature of the 1991 and 2003 Iraq war and the actual reason behind this war. They show very clearly, as what were conditions that ultimately led to the 2003 war, and established clear links oil firms and the Bush regime. Phillip, 2003, very categorically shows in his paper the actual nature of the war and how the oil lobbyists stood to gain from the2003 war, while various news articles in BBC, Times, and CNN also shows strong link between US oil firms, US government, US foreign polices and the US-Iraq war in 2003. Articles by Lee (2005); Weiss (2010) and Paolo Schirach (2011) show the strong link that exists between US’s ineffective energy saving policies and the connection between government officials. These articles put up figures that reveal the huge donations made by the oil firms to the Republican party, and consequent failure on the part of the US government to draw up strong energy saving policies in the last 5 decades, after the end of the WWII, when the consumption of oil suddenly became high owing to the arrival of automobiles in the US

Consider a particular real organization of your choice which has an Essay - 1

Consider a particular real organization of your choice which has an international profile. Discuss how the organization is adopt - Essay Example The core intention of the company is to produce automobiles in accordance with the needs along with the requirements of the customers. Additionally, the company maintains a balance between its production services and other factors such as environment, drivability, safety and reliability [1] (Toyota Motor Corporation, 2013). In this respect, the company aims to offer vehicles of enhanced features, so that customers are availed with products beyond their expectations. The company, in order to retain its worldwide position and provide customers with quality products has developed an effective global network [2] (Toyota Motor Corporation, 2013). Supply chain management (SCM) and logistics play a decisive role for TMC in obtaining required materials from suppliers proficiently and providing finished products to customers in the market segments appropriately. In general, SCM is regarded as a process, which is involved in the movement along with the storage of materials from suppliers to cu stomers. ... In this regard, the company has developed ‘Toyota Production System’ (TPS) with the aim of ensuring that materials along with inventories are handled properly. Additionally, TPS ensures that manufacturing along with logistics operations of the company are managed and integrated with the suppliers along with the customers (Strategos, 2013; Ludwig, 2013). With this concern, this essay intends to discuss about how TMC is adopting the principles of environmental along with social sustainability particularly in its supply chain management and logistics operations by using certain relevant examples. Discussion Supply Chain Management (SCM) and Logistics In the present business scenario, market competition has augmented due to increased level of globalisation and advent of technologies. In this regard, business organisations are required to adopt effective strategies for the purpose of enhancing their respective operational efficiencies and meeting the needs of customers with o ffering innovative products and/or services to them in a timely manner. SCM is a process comprising different activities in accordance with which supply of raw materials and distributions of final products and/or services are based upon. It develops a linkage between the suppliers and the consumers, so that a business organisation is able to execute its business processes and operations in a cost-effective manner. SCM is a procedure of managing the logistic activities of an organisation in order to make its operation and distribution cycle more productive. Additionally, SCM and logistics operations are required to conduct their operations in a social responsible manner and must take into concern

Internship Report Paper ( Mos Kaffee GmbH ) Essay

Internship Report Paper ( Mos Kaffee GmbH ) - Essay Example The organization operates its business functions in Berlin which is supposed to be closely linked with the coffee industry. According to a report published by Euromonitor (2011), Germany has been referred as a coffee drinking nation which has been verified by considering the fact that in the year 2010, the per capita use of coffee in Germany had raised by 150 liters in terms of the total volume. As stated by the German Coffee Association, coffee is regarded as a health drink in Germany. They have also claimed that coffee particularly encourages various psychological related activities and positively supports sporting activities that include fitness and also prevents the occurrences of various diseases such as diabetes. These sort of publicities about the consumption of coffee ultimately posed considerable influence upon the activities of the consumers which were perceived to affect the growth as well as sales of coffee in lieu of both value and volume by a large degree (Euromonitor, 2011). It was in the era of 1670s that the coffee houses and stores were established in Germany. Progressively, the establishment of coffee houses rose considerably and by the year 1777, coffee became a crucial part of the culture of Germany and every city of the country possessed at least one coffee house (Diaz & Pedersen, 2009). It has been observed in this context that the German business market focused upon important aspects which included the awareness for sustainability in the coffee industry along with considering various environmental issues. In relation to the coffee industry, the business market of Germany has been viewed as the main consumer of the organic products. Moreover, the German business market is regarded as the largest importer of coffee in the world. The chief market players in the coffee sector of Germany entail Kraft and Dallmayr Kaffee among others. The first coffee store was established in Berlin in the year 1721 in order to serve superior quality of coffee to the general public as consumers which helped in gradually attaining immense popularity especially in the coffee segment (Tucker, 2011). Mos Kaffee GmbH bought two franchisees of Einstein coffee shop that is regarded as one of the renowned coffee shop chains in Berlin. In order to acquire the franchise permission from Einstein, a cost of â‚ ¬15.000 was incurred and the business organization is required to pay them 4% of their sales volume every month. The business culture of Mos Kaffee GmbH has successfully penetrated in almost every individual part of the German society as the most thriving coffee chain in the nation. The business organization offers high quality coffee to its wide number of customers and intentionally targets the wealthy society in order to attain considerable market share along with gaining competitive position. Gradually, as the business of the organization started to grow, Mos Kaffee GmbH made plans to open two coffee shops especially in Berlin-Mitte and the other one in the Audi-Center located in Germany. The several coffee houses that are available in Berlin apart from Mos Kaffee GmbH include the Cafe Kranzler, Cafe Savigny, Cafe Aedes, Cafe Richler, Cafe Mohring and Wintergarten. The Wintergarten is regarded as the prettiest amongst all the coffee shops that presently exist especially in Ber

Critically evaluate, in relation to the common law duty of care, the Essay - 2

Critically evaluate, in relation to the common law duty of care, the liability of employers for references - Essay Example This essay is going to analyse the provision of duty of care in tort law. Law and Duty of Care A tort can be defined as a wrongdoing or action upon which damages can be brought or in other terms it is referred to as an act or omission by the defendant, which causes damage to the claimant. The important task of undertaking business activities requires adherence to regulations and laws. Tort law recognises a provision known as duty of care whereby the action of a person that amounts to negligence is punishable by the tort law. Duty of care emphasizes on the responsibility on the part of both or more parties as it relates to the involvement in a specific case or scenario. The principle of duty of care arises from previous cases as it relates to the tort law (Steele, 2007). For instance, the case of Anns v Merton LBC [1978] AC 728 (HL) whereby the judge Lord Wilberforce held that a two stage approach would be used in determining the care of duty. In this case the issue of prima facie in determining the relationship between claimant and defendant while the second approach focused on the scope of duty. Future cases in relation to the tort law, other approaches emerged in the determination of duty of care (Harpwood, 2000). The duty of care can also be exercised within the job industry since it causes a lot of problems for employers and employees. In the process of handing out references for current and former employees, duty of care should be exercised. Issues dealing with reference should be handled in a proper manner since misrepresentation of the employee or client results in tort. For instance if a former employer or institution affiliated to a specific person presents information such as misleading reference without proper notification to the employee then a tort has occurred (Koziol, 2009). In this essay we are going to look into such scenarios in relation to the University of Sussex and its current or former students. The University is large institution with a large student population and more frequently the university receives request to have the institution hand out references (Best, 2007). When references are handed out the university owes the third party a duty of care regarding the reference issued out on the former or current students. The University has to exercise high standards of professionalism and ensure that the duty of care is handled properly when it comes to handing out references. The issues that need to be looked into from a legal standpoint include the misstatement or misrepresentation. References handed out onto potential employers must not be inaccurate or misleading. Therefore the University of Sussex has to exercise care in handing out references since it is against the law to misrepresent information concerning current of former students (Magnus, 2004). A student enrolled in the University of Sussex enters into a contract with the university to undertake certain courses for a given period of time. This contract is subject to terms agreed in the contract and upon graduation the University can refer its students to potential employers (Steele, 2007). However, the University has to exercise care in the provision of information concerning its students. For instance, if the university refers a student to an employer through misrepresenting reference then the university can be sued under tort law for negligent misrepresentation. The University should understand the provision on duty of care with

International Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words - 1

International Business - Essay Example Our baby foods will include fruits, vegetables, meat, chicken and rice. They would all be full of nutrition and will fulfill baby’s body growth needs. The company will have 3 main units; the baby food unit, clinical nutrition department and the research and development department. They all will work simultaneously analyzing the market needs and improving the product. European Union; which is the union comprised of 27 member states of Europe has set rules and policies for the business which have to be adhered by the company. The company has devised few strategies which would help it in the stage of final implementation of the project. The company’s aim is to manufacture and sell the baby food for the baby’s from age 4 months to 2 years. Our intention is to produce premium quality food which fulfills the hygienic standards and is full of nutrition’s for the baby, keeping in mind his growing needs. It will be a new experience for the company to enter into a new market, thus realizing its needs it has signed partnership agreement with local manufacturers Mr. Z and Mrs. Z who will help in implementing appropriate strategies, plans and provide necessary knowhow to the company about the local market. The profits will be shared in the ratio of 20:80, 20 % to Mr. and Mrs. Z and 80% to the company. Furthermore the company will finance the projects and Mr. and Mrs. Z will aid in selling the products to local retailers. The company will require setting up its factories in Europe in order to manufacture baby food, thus it has decided to enter Europe in 2 countries; United Kingdom and Spain. It has planned to establish its factories in London and Madrid respectively. As being capitals these two places are easily accessible with transport facilities and there is ease of goods availability. In addition they are busy cities and will attract